Amazing facts to know about Independent India!

1. National flag was hoisted first on August 7, 1906 at the Parsee Bagan Square in Calcutta. The flag was composed of horizontal strips of red, yellow and green. The red strip at the top had eight white lotuses embossed on it in a row. The green strip had a white sun on the left and a white crescent and star on the right.

2. The name `India' is derived from the River Indus, the valleys around which were the home of the first inhabitants of India. The Sanskrit name for India is Bharat Ganarajya. That is the reason why it is also called Bharat. The name “India” comes from the Indus River, which is where earliest settlers made their homes.

3. The current flag has three colours in it. The top strip saffron stands for courage and sacrifice; the middle portion white for peace, truth, purity and green for faith, fertility and chivalry. The Ashok Chakra at the centre of the flag — righteousness.

India never invaded any country in her last 100000 years of history.

5. It is said that the first version of the current national flag was made by Pingali Venkayya at Bezwada in 1921. It was made up of two colours-red and green-representing the two major communities. Gandhiji suggested the addition of a white strip to represent the remaining communities of India and the spinning wheel to symbolize progress of the Nation.

6. North Korea, South Korea, Bahrain and Republic of the Congo share their independence day with India. Mountbatten chose the day since Aug 15 as it also commemorated the second anniversary of Japan's surrender to the Allied Forces. North Korea, South Korea, Bahrain and Republic of the Congo share their independence day with India.

7. Khadi Development and Village Industries Commission is the only licenced flag production and supply unit in India. As of 2008, the Karnataka Khadi Gramodyoga Samyukta Sangha based in Dharwad was the sole manufacturer of the flag. Earlier, flags were made with Jayadhar, a popular variety of cotton grown in Karnataka. But recently, Khadi Gramodyoga has started using Bt cotton instead of the indigenous

8. India is the world's largest producer of tea, milk and mangoes and also the second largest producer of wheat and rice, the world's major food staples.

9. "Chess" and "Snakes and Ladders" were invented in India.

10. India's first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Lal was featured in Vogue magazine. His unique dressing style, single-breasted jacket, became an important fashion trend in the West. Nehru jacket was listed on Time list of 'global fashion statement.' Later, Nehru jacket was popularized by the Beatles and worn by such famous people as Johnny Carson and Sammy Davis Jr.

11. India never invaded any country in her last 100000 years of history

12. On August 15, 1947, when India became free from the foreign rule, Mahatma Gandhi was in Calcutta. Gandhiji spent his day in prayers, fasting and spinning protesting the madness of communal hatred.

13. The world's largest road network is in India-over 1.9 million miles of roads cover the country.

14. Cherrapunji (Meghalaya) is the wettest spot on earth. It receives at least 425 inches of rain every year, which is over 5 times more than the tropical rain forests of South America!

15. With around 155,618 post offices and over 566,000 employees, India has the largest postal network in the world.

16. Hindi is not India's national language as many think or believe; it's the official language. Article 343 of the Constitution states that Hindi in Devnagari script is the official language of India. But Hindi is the first official language of India and Hindi was declared the Official Language of the Union on September 14, 1949.

17. India Railways is the single largest civilian employer in the world, with over a million employees.

18. When India became independent on August 15, 1947 there was no National Anthem. Even though the Bengali invocation of Jana Gana Mana was written in 1911, it was not considered as national anthem till 1950.

19. State Bank of India has the maximum number of branches in the world, with the number being over 15,000 and counting.

20. Controversy surrounding Jana Gana Mana claims that Rabindranath Tagore wrote the song ‘Jana Gana Mana' for the British monarch. He later refuted this claim and said that he wrote the song as requested by his friend and the song pronounced the victory in ‘Jana Gana Mana' of that Bhagya Vidhata of India and not of King George V.

21.  The value of "pi" was first calculated by the Indian Mathematician Budhayana, who also explained the Pythagorean Theorem.

22. India is one of only three countries that makes supercomputers (the US and Japan are the other two).

23. Navi Mumbai, a planned satellite township of Mumbai, was developed in 1972 and is the largest planned township on the planet.

24. India produces more movies than any other country in the world and Bollywood is the largest film industry in the world.

25. There are 300,000 active mosques in India, more than in any other country, including the Muslim world

                                                          Source : indiantvnews.com

Cooper inventor of the first handheld mobile phone. Facts about Martin Cooper?

One of the most interesting facts about Martin Cooper is that he created the first handheld mobile phone. Another interesting fact is that he was the first person to make a phone call with a handheld mobile phone in public.

When he worked at Motorola's communications systems division in the 1970s, Cooper came up with the idea of a handheld mobile phone. Unlike car phones in existence at the time, Cooper wanted the device to be truly mobile and not dependent on a specific place.

He oversaw its development, and when it was ready, he experimented with it by placing the first call outdoors in New York City. This first mobile cell phone weighed 30 ounces, and passers-by were stunned to see a man walking around while talking on a phone, as neither cordless nor wireless cell phones were in existence at that time. To receive the signal, Motorola placed a base station on top of a building.

Although his first call was to Bell Labs, Motorola's competitor, Cooper made several phone calls that day. Ten years later, his 16-ounce DynaTAC phone was available to the consumer at a cost of $3,500.

After leaving Motorola, Cooper founded ArrayComm in 1992, continuing his work in wireless technology.

                                                       SOURCE : Refernce.com

HAVE A LOOK OF FIRST 10 EMPLOYEES OF APPLE

We all know about the heights that Apple has reached today, but not many of us know that even if Steve Jobs was the driving force behind Apple, there was a wonderful team of talented people to support him.This first 10 Apple employee list is prepared by Business Insider and the first Apple CEO Michael Scott. BI writes about the employee list, “The Apple employee numbers aren’t the order each person joined the company.” Actually, when the first Apple CEO Michael Scott came to the company, he gave out numbers to each employee to make the “life easier for the payroll department.” 

1. Steve Wozniak- Technical Expert

Wozniak considered taking the job offer at HP in Oregon, as he was under the impression that Apple would crash someday. Later, he left Apple. However, these days he’s busy bashing Steve Jobs as the consultant to the new movie on Jobs’ life.

2.Steve Jobs

Apple’s first CEO Michael Scott, tells why he didn’t give number 1 position to him. He says, “I know I didn’t give it to Jobs because I thought that would be too much.”

In 1977, Jobs and Wozniak were successful in shipping their first computer, which was a naked circuit board called Apple. It didn’t have a keyboard or a screen. Whatever followed is now history.

3. Mike Markulla – The money man

 Mike Markulla was the venture capitalist who provided Apple’s first proper funding. He also installed real management. He made an investment in Apple worth $250,000, in exchange of which he took 30% shares of the company. He stayed at Apple until 1997 and left when Jobs came back. 

4. Bill Fernandez – First Employee Of Apple

Fernandez was also a neighbor and friend of Steve Wozniak. He stayed with Apple until 1993, after which he started working at Ingres, a database company.

5.Rod Holt- The Chief Scientist

Holt invented the switching power supply that allowed them to do a very lightweight computer compared to others who used transformers. Holt later joined Apple full time.Holt was the Chief Engineer and Vice President of Engineering during most the reign of the Apple II. From contributing to floppy disk, the switching power supply, and radio interference problems to receiving four patents for his work, Holt played a major role in Apple II.

6.Randy Wigginton

 In 1977, Wigginton collaborated with Wozniak on the circuit design and ROM software for the Apple II. Wigginton wrote machine language graphics subroutines and several early programs for the Apple II. 

7. Michael Scott – First CEO of Apple

 Michael Scott was the first CEO of Apple Computer from February 1977 to March 1981. He was the former director of manufacturing at National Semiconductor.

As Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, both were inexperienced for the post of CEO, hence Scott was persuaded for the post by Markkula.  Scott declared that there would be no typewriters at Apple.  Scott left Apple officially on July 10, 1981.

8. Chris Espinosa

In 1976, the 14-year-old Espinosa was only 14 years old when he began working for Apple, making him one of the company’s youngest employees.

 He began writing BASIC programs in Jobs’ garage, and has worked in a variety of different positions during his time at Apple- including Mac OS, A/UX, HyperCard etc. He has worked in Apple for his entire life.

9. Sherry Livingston – Right hand of Apple’s first CEO

She was the first secretary at Apple. She was hired by Michael Scott. In the early days, she did all the odds and ends work at Apple.

10. Gary Martin

After staying at Apple till 1983, Martin switched to Starstruck, which is a company working on space travel and kept moving from one CFO to another in different companies.

                                          SOURCE : fossbytes.com

What is VoLTE

• 
  

1. What are the benefits of VoLTE?
   
   
   Superior call quality –  The big advantage of VoLTE is that call quality is superior to 3G or 2G connections as far more data can be transferred over 4G than 2G or 3G. Up to three times as much data as 3G and up to six times as much as 2G to be precise, making it easier to make out not only what the person on the other end of the line is saying, but also their tone of voice. Essentially it’s an HD voice call and it’s a much richer experience over all.The Voice over LTE, VoLTE scheme was devised as a result of operators seeking a standardised system for transferring traffic for voice over LTE.
   
   
   Improved coverage and connectivity – VoLTE can connect calls up to twice as fast as the current methods and as 2G and 3G connections will still be available when there’s no 4G signal it simply means that there’s greater mobile coverage overall, as currently places with a 4G signal but no 2G or 3G means that one you can’t make or receive calls.
    
   
   1. Originally LTE was seen as a completely IP cellular system just for carrying data, and operators would be able to carry voice either by reverting to 2G / 3G systems or by using VoIP in one form or another.
      When looking at the options for ways of carrying voice over the LTE system, a number of possible solutions were investigated. A number of alliances were set up to promote different ways of providing the service.
      You might think that would be a rare occurrence, but some of the frequencies that 4G operates on, such as the 800MHz spectrum, have far greater reach than 2G or 3G spectrum, so you’ll be able to get signal further away from a mast or in buildings which other signals struggle to penetrate. Indeed, Three is fully relying on its 800MHz spectrum for VoLTE calls.
      
      
      However, while 2G and 3G services would likely remain they wouldn’t be as necessary as they are now and much of the spectrum used for 2G in particular could potentially be repurposed to increase capacity on 4G networks.   
      Better battery life
      anyone who currently uses 4G could also find their battery life increased with VoLTE, as right now whenever you make or receive a call your phone has to switch from 4G to 2G or 3G, since 4G calls aren’t supported (other than on Three Super-Voice) and then once the call is finished it switches back again.
      
      
      
      
      
      
      Video calling – It’s also theoretically possible to make video calls over 4G, much like a Skype call except you’d just use your mobile number and be able to use the regular dialler and call interface, so you can make and receive video calls from anyone else with VoLTE, rather than relying on separate accounts.
      
      
      In fact you may have noticed that Skype and other existing video calls services often seem to have superior audio quality to voice calls. That’s because like VoLTE they use more data as part of a similarly named VoIP system, so you can expect your voice calls to start sounding more like Skype calls, but they won’t hit your battery life as much as Skype does.
      
      
      Not only could video calls become native to the dialler, but other Rich Communication Services (or RCS’s) could as well, such as file transferring, real time language translation and video voicemail and there may be applications which haven’t even been thought up yet.
      
      
      As VoLTE is tied to data it could also mean that you won’t have to worry about how many minutes you use, as everything will fall under data use.
      
      
      Limitations:
      there are a few, Depending on how the networks set it up there also may or may not be network interoperability at first, so it’s possible that initially you may only be able to use VoLTE to call people on the same network as you. VoLTE also potentially requires both participants on the call to have 4G coverage. As that’s not yet as widespread as 2G and 3G it means that VoLTE calls won’t always be available and if someone moves out of 4G coverage during the call there’s a chance that the call will be dropped.

4GLTE?

What is 3G?

When 3G networks started rolling out, they replaced the 2G system, a network protocol that only allowed the most basic of what we would now call smartphone functionality. Most 2G networks handled phone calls, basic text messaging, and small amounts of data over a protocol called MMS. With the introduction of 3G connectivity, a number of larger data formats became much more accessible, including standard HTML pages, videos, and music. The speeds were still pretty slow, and mostly required pages and data specially formatted for these slower wireless connections. By 2G standards, the new protocol was speedy, but still didn’t come anywhere close to replacing a home broadband connection.

What is4G?

The ITU-R set standards for 4G connectivity in March of 2008, requiring all services described as 4G to adhere to a set of speed and connection standards. For mobile use, including smartphones and tablets, connection speeds need to have a peak of at least 100 megabits per second, and for more stationary uses such as mobile hotspots, at least 1 gigabit per second.

When these standards were announced, these speeds were unheard of in the practical world, because they were intended as a target for technology developers, a point in the future that marked a significant jump over the current technology. Over time, the systems that power these networks have caught up, not just in the sense that new broadcasting methods have found their way into products, but the previously-established 3G networks have been improved to the point that they can be classified as 4G.

What is LTE?

LTE stands for Long Term Evolution, and isn’t as much a technology as it is the path followed to achieve 4G speeds. As it stands, most of the time when your phone displays the “4G” symbol in the upper right corner, it doesn’t really mean it. When the ITU-R set the minimum speeds for 4G, they were a bit unreachable, despite the amount of money tech manufacturers put into achieving them. In response, the regulating body decided that LTE, the name given to the technology used in pursuit of those standards, could be labeled as 4G if it provided a substantial improvement over the 3G technology.

Immediately networks began advertising their connections as 4G LTE, a marketing technique that allowed them to claim next-gen connectivity without having to reach the actual required number first; it would be like the U.S. claiming they had landed on the moon because they got pretty close and the spaceship that got them there was a lot better than the previous ship. It’s not entirely trickery though, despite inconsistent speeds depending on location and network, the difference between 3G and 4G is immediately noticeable.

Speed

So the real question is, can you feel a difference between 4G and LTE networks? Is the speed of loading a page or downloading an app on your handheld a lot faster if you have LTE technology built in? Probably not. While the difference between slower 3G networks and new 4G or LTE networks is certainly noticeably faster, most of the 4G and “true 4G” networks have upload and download speeds that are almost identical. For now, LTE is the fastest connection available for wireless networks.

Creating 4G connectivity requires two components: a network that can support the necessary speeds, and a device that is able to connect to that network and download information at high enough speed. Just because a phone has 4G LTE connectivity inside doesn’t mean you can get the speeds you want, in the same way that buying a car that can drive 200 MPH doesn’t mean you can go that fast on a 55 MPH freeway.

Before carriers were able to truly offer LTE speeds in major areas, they were selling phones that had the capabilities they would need to reach the desired speeds, and afterwards started rolling out the service on a limited scale. Now that LTE service is fairly widespread, this isn’t as much of a problem, but if you don’t live in a major metropolitan area it’s worth checking to make sure you actually need LTE service where you live and work. With the rise in popularity, it’s uncommon for a provider to charge less if you aren’t utilizing the LTE speeds on a regular basis, but you can save money by picking up an older generation smartphone with only 3G or 4G connectivity.

WHY WE CALL IT AS "C" - LANGUAGE

                                                                                ANSI C

 

PDP -7

The C programming language was devised in the early 1970s by Dennis M. Ritchie an employee from Bell Labs (AT&T).

In the 1960s Ritchie worked, with several other employees of Bell Labs (AT&T), on a project called Multics. The goal of the project was to develop an operating system for a large computer that could be used by a thousand users. In 1969 AT&T (Bell Labs) withdrew from the project, because the project could not produce an economically useful system. So the employees of Bell Labs (AT&T) had to search for another project to work on (mainly Dennis M. Ritchie and Ken Thompson).

Ken Thompson began to work on the development of a new file system. He wrote, a version of the new file system for the DEC PDP-7, in assembler. (The new file system was also used for the game Space Travel). Soon they began to make improvements and add expansions. (They used there knowledge from the Multics project to add improvements). After a while a complete system was born. Brian W. Kernighan called the system UNIX, a sarcastic reference to Multics. The whole system was still written in assembly code.

Besides assembler and Fortran, UNIX also had an interpreter for the programming language B. ( The B language is derived directly from Martin Richards BCPL). The language B was developed in 1969-70 by Ken Thompson. In the early days computer code was written in assembly code. To perform a specific task, you had to write many pages of code. A high-level language like B made it possible to write the same task in just a few lines of code. The language B was used for further development of the UNIX system. Because of the high-level of the B language, code could be produced much faster, then in assembly.

A drawback of the B language was that it did not know data-types. (Everything was expressed in machine words). Another functionality that the B language did not provide was the use of “structures”. The lag of these things formed the reason for Dennis M. Ritchie to develop the programming language C. So in 1971-73 Dennis M. Ritchie turned the B language into the C language, keeping most of the language B syntax while adding data-types and many other changes. The C language had a powerful mix of high-level functionality and the detailed features required to program an operating system. Therefore many of the UNIX components were eventually rewritten in C (the Unix kernel itself was rewritten in 1973 on a DEC PDP-11).

The programming language C was written down, by Kernighan and Ritchie, in a now classic book called “The C Programming Language, 1st edition”. (Kernighan has said that he had no part in the design of the C language: “It’s entirely Dennis Ritchie’s work”. But he is the author of the famous “Hello, World” program and many other UNIX programs).

For years the book “The C Programming Language, 1st edition” was the standard on the language C. In 1983 a committee was formed by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

to develop a modern definition for the programming language C (ANSI X3J11). In 1988 they delivered the final standard definition ANSI C. (The standard was based on the book from K&R 1st ed.).

The standard ANSI C made little changes on the original design of the C language. (They had to make sure that old programs still worked with the new standard). Later on, the ANSI C standard was adopted by the International Standards Organization (ISO). The correct term should there fore be ISO C, but everybody still calls it ANSI C.

MUD

Short for Multi-User Dungeon, MUD is an online, text-based, virtual environment first created by Roy Trubshaw and Richard Bartle in 1978. MUD's later became global in the MUD was known as MAD, which was created in 1984 and ran across BITNET. In the picture is an example of Aardwolf, a more recent MUD that can still be played on computers today.

Today, there are still hundreds of multi-user dungeons that can be played through your Internet browser, connecting to another server, or by downloading software to your computer

 

MUD

 

BITNET

Short for Because It's There Network, BITNET is an U.S. University network founded in 1981 that was first established between the University of New York and the Yale University. In 1986, BITNET II was created to help bandwidth needs, which later merged with CSNET to form CREN in 1988.

 

BITNET